Understanding Loan Ratios in Multifamily and Commercial Real Estate
One of the primary components used by commercial real estate underwriters to determine a loan amount is leverage. Leverage is summed up and determined based on the loan to cost and loan to value ratios.
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When a lender is determining the amount it is willing to lend on an apartment building or other piece of commercial real estate, there are many factors that come into play such as property type, property class, location, sponsorship, DSCR (debt service coverage ratio), and more.
However, one of the primary components used by commercial real estate underwriters to determine a loan amount is leverage. Leverage is summed up and determined based on the LTC or the LTV.
LTC: Loan To Cost Ratio
LTC stands for loan-to-cost ratio. It is a ratio used in commercial mortgage finance and multifamily financing to determine the ratio of debt relative to the total cost of the project in question.
LTC is most frequently used for value-add acquisitions such as substantial rehabilitation projects or ground-up construction. The "C" refers to the total project cost, in that it is the total cost required to purchase the property, then bring it to stabilization.
For example, if you are building a 100-unit apartment complex, and you are looking to determine your cost, the total cost would be the cost to acquire the land plus the cost to build your community and the cost to bring it to stabilization. So, if your cost to buy the land is $3 million and your cost to build the property is $6.5 million, and your cost to get it fully leased up and stabilized is $500,000, your total cost would be $10 million.
If you were looking for a 75% construction loan, your loan would be $7.5 million (75% of the total cost). It is important to remember that the value of the property has nothing to do with the LTC; the value of the property is a subject matter for LTV.
Commercial mortgage lenders use LTC as a factor to determine risk in a deal. The lower the leverage, the lower the risk. Conversely, higher leverage offers higher risk. If you are buying a distressed property for $1 million, but its actual value is $2 million, and you are looking for a loan to purchase the property, lenders will traditionally look at the LTC (the cost, being $1 million) and not the LTV, or to be more specific, the lender will be looking at the lesser of the two.
The formula for LTC (the loan to cost ratio) is:
Loan to Cost (LTC) = Loan Amount / Total Cost
Loan to Cost (LTC) Calculator
LTV: Loan To Value Ratio
LTV stands for loan-to-value ratio. This ratio is used in commercial mortgage finance and multifamily property financing to determine the ratio of a particular debt (perhaps a first mortgage) relative to the value of the collateral (in this case a multifamily or other commercial property).
If a borrower owns a property worth $10 million and is looking to refinance the first mortgage for $7 million, the LTV is 70%. Lenders use this figure to determine their level of risk and borrower leverage in a transaction. The lower the LTV, the lower the risk.
This formula is used in the case of standard purchases and refinances. In the cases of multifamily property rehabilitation, or ground-up construction, other factors like LTC also become important. When LTV is used in rehab, construction, or other value-add financing opportunity, it is used as a leverage constraint for the finished, or stabilized value of the property.
For instance, your cost to build a property is $10 million, and when it's complete and stabilized it's worth $20 million, and the lender has constrained you to the lesser of 75% LTC or 70% LTV, your loan would be the lesser of $7.5 million (75% LTC) and $14 million (70% LTV).
A $14 million loan in this scenario is not possible because that would be 140% of the total cost! There are not many lenders out there that are going to cut you a check for 100% of the project cost and another $4 million on top of that and hope that you take it from there! Leverage constraints keep borrowers committed to their deals and keep banks from having to get into the construction and real estate management business.
The formula for LTV (the loan to value ratio) is:
LTV = Loan Amount / Total Value
Loan to Value (LTV) Calculator
Mitigating Risk
After a loan is fully underwritten, the lender will traditionally offer financing constrained by the lesser of a pre-determined LTC, LTV, and normally, DSCR as well (lenders also frequently add debt yield as a requirement). The most common terms you will find for multifamily construction financing are structured the following way:
$XXX million (or maximum proceeds), subject to (a) maximum loan to cost ratio of 75%, a maximum loan to value ratio of 70%, and (c) a minimum debt service coverage ratio of 1.25x based on the lender's underwriting.
So, don't get too excited if your loan amount based on your LTC or your LTV looks above and beyond what you expected, because you are going to get the lesser of the two, and quite often the lesser of three or four ratios. Lenders are experts in risk mitigation, and that means they know how to manage leverage and loan amounts.
Related Questions
What is the difference between loan-to-value and loan-to-cost ratios?
The Loan-to-Cost Ratio (LTC) is a metric comparing the amount of a project’s financing to its construction costs. In contrast, the Loan-to-Value Ratio (LTV) is a metric comparing the amount of a loan to the value of the collateral. LTV is primarily used as a risk mitigation metric in standard asset purchase and refinance transactions. For ground-up developments or rehabilitation projects, lenders generally prefer the LTC ratio instead. This calculation swaps out the collateral’s value for the total development cost.
What are the most common loan-to-value ratios for multifamily and commercial real estate?
The most common loan-to-value (LTV) ratio for multifamily and commercial real estate is 70%. This is according to Multifamily.loans, which states that after a loan is fully underwritten, the lender will traditionally offer financing constrained by the lesser of a pre-determined LTC, LTV, and normally, DSCR as well (lenders also frequently add debt yield as a requirement).
What are the most common loan-to-cost ratios for multifamily and commercial real estate?
The most common loan-to-cost (LTC) ratio for multifamily and commercial real estate is 75%. This is according to this article from Multifamily.Loans.
What are the benefits of a higher loan-to-value ratio?
The benefits of a higher loan-to-value ratio (LTV) are that investors and developers can get a sizable loan with less cash down. This allows them to free up their valuable cash for other investment opportunities.
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What are the benefits of a higher loan-to-cost ratio?
The benefits of a higher loan-to-cost (LTC) ratio are that it allows investors and developers to get a sizable loan with less cash down. A higher LTC results in higher risk for the lender than would a lower LTC, so lenders will often require more conservative pricing and terms. In contrast, commercial property loans with a lower LTC command more competitive structures, such as lower rates and more favorable loan terms.
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What are the risks associated with a higher loan-to-value or loan-to-cost ratio?
When lenders are deciding whether to approve a loan, one of the most important factors they look at is LTV, or loan to value ratio. The higher a loan's LTV, the riskier it is for the lender. High LTV loans are especially risky because there is little equity in the property that can be recovered if the borrower defaults. This means that lenders may be more likely to suffer a loss if the borrower is unable to make payments. Additionally, high LTV loans often have higher interest rates, which can make them more expensive for the borrower.
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